Scholarly Critique Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scholarly Critique - Research Paper ExamplePurpose of the Study Williams (2005) found that the recent estimate reveals that children spend an average of 7 hours per week in exposure games. This is remarkable information because this finally leads him to find if violent content or frustration may be linked to a significant effect or impact. The study seeks to find out if there is potential impact of violent content and frustration with game trick. In addition, the proponent wants to know if the interaction of violent content and frustration creates impact on aggressive personality of the fiddleers. The study then has a relevant purpose of investigating the effect of video games on the subjects personality primarily on how the violent content or frustration may provide an influence. This study is important because it will stand as a vital addition to the body of knowledge linked to the potential impact of videogame to its players. Main Hypotheses There are five hypotheses that th e proponent identified in the research study. The first conjecture states that there must be higher scores of state hostility measure for violent game compared to its nonviolent counterpart. The spot possibleness asserts that there must be higher scores of state hostility measure for frustrating game compared to low or non-frustrating game. The other hypothesis is about having certainty of higher scores on hostility measure if the participants will be exposed to both violent content and frustration. The fourth hypothesis suggests that participants who are having high trait in hostility should therefore score higher on a state hostility measure when they have to play violent game compared to those with low trait in hostility. The last hypothesis states that participants with high trait hostility should have a higher score in state hostility measure than those with low trait hostility during the effective play of a violent game. These are the essential hypotheses that Williams he ared as vital points to consider prior to meeting the actual purpose or research problem of the study. In line with this, we can therefore detect the independent variable and it is the actual score in state hostility measure. The dependent variables are therefore the level of violence and frustration linked to the videogame. In addition, all of these are therefore directional hypotheses because they try to emphasize the use of a comparison term higher, which is an indication that there must be a remarkable fight between the groups that will be compared and how specifically they will differ. Design and Measurement There were one hundred fifty male college undergraduates at a turgid southeastern university coming from a psychology and mass communication courses who were employed in the research study. In the actual study, each of the participants was given the opportunity to play one of the four video games, which include violent and frustrating, violent and low/non-frustrating, non violent but frustrating, and nonviolent and low/non-frustrating. The participants were asked for their accede to participate in the study, which took enthrone in more than one phase. This is to ensure that all of the respondents will turn out not forced to join in the research, but they have their consent to participate. To test the hypothesis, the proponent of the study relied on the response of the subjects on the given questionnaires and the use of statistical analysis like the analysis of covariance

The Benefits of Live Performances over Recordings Research Paper

The Benefits of Live Performances over Recordings - Research Paper ExampleThe sounds of today are not aimed at accuracy of sound. Due to their genius and the vogue they are made, there could never be a bang equivalent of what is being played. The artist hears the practice of medicine played through earph mavins, and then sings along to what they hear. around of the music is dubbed over until perfection of the sound is as close as possible. While it may be extremely enjoyable to sit in your pajamas in bed listening to your favorite music or watching a live performance online, due to the technology involved, its not as living as an actual live performance. One of the greatest concerns of the music and performing industry today is piracy. We might be the only nation who doesnt pull in terrestrial performance rights for sound recordings. Every time recordings are played, royalties are paid by the one broadcasting them. New legislation aimed at guaranteeing royalties for music and films downloaded from the internet, the Performance Rights Act in 2009, made it illegal to record, download, or copy music and videos intended for sale. In some ways this puts a muffler on the home experience as many people are unaware of what constitutes piracy. It is the desire to experience the live event again, without paying twice, which fuels this situation. What happens when one listens to a live performance? Its the whole ambiance of the situation that captivates live audiences. One must mentally prepare in order to in full appreciate their experience. Its not enough to know about the music one expects to hear.... What a deal (Recording History) The sounds of today are not aimed at accuracy of sound. Due to their nature and the way they are made, there could never be a live equivalent of what is being played. The artist hears the music played through earphones, and then sings along to what they hear. Most of the music is dubbed over until perfection of the sound is as clos e as possible. While it may be extremely enjoyable to sit in your pajamas in bed listening to your favorite music or watching a live performance online, due to the technology involved, its not as realistic as an actual live performance. (Recording History) One of the greatest concerns of the music and performing industry today is piracy. We might be the only nation who doesnt have terrestrial performance rights for sound recordings. Every time recordings are played, royalties are paid by the one broadcasting them. New legislation aimed at guaranteeing royalties for music and films downloaded from the internet, the Performance Rights Act in 2009, made it illegal to record, download, or copy music and videos intended for sale. In some ways this puts a damper on the home experience as many people are unaware of what constitutes piracy. It is the desire to experience the live event again, without paying twice, which fuels this situation. (Future of Music Coalition) What happens when one listens to a live performance? Its the whole ambiance of the situation that captivates live audiences. One must mentally prepare in order to fully appreciate their experience. Its not enough to know about the music one expects to hear all the details of the performers, their journeys along the human path are a vital part of the show as well. The experience begins when the line forms to buy tickets. Memories of

Chicken parm sub Essay Example for Free

Chicken parm sub EssayChicken parm is the best sub on the planet earth. I apply to eat it when I was little my mom used to make for me every Sunday. I used to have it with Pepsi. When we were done we used to go on a bike rides. Me and my family dont do the bike riding any more. When we take it we say funny old storys about are family. When my friends come over I ate with them but the storys got embarrassing. This is what I like to do when I eat chicken parm.Chicken parmigiana (also referred to as a parmi1 or parma2) is a chicken dish base on the Italian Parmigiana, and is regularly served in Australian pubs.3 The meal consists of a breaded chicken breast, or chicken schnitzel, covered with a tomato-based neapolitan sauce and cheese. Variations involve the addition of a slice of ham or bacon.4 The dish is typically served with a side of potato chips and salad, although there is some dispute as to whether the chips should be served under or next to the chicken.5 Size is consid ered to be a major part of the chicken parmigiana,5and increased competition has light-emitting diode to a greater accent on the size of the meal.36 Some restaurants hold competitions with prizes for people who successfully finish a large chicken parmigiana, such as the Parmageddon which was held in an Adelaide Hills pub.7 The popularity of the chicken parmigiana led to a specialised chicken parmigiana restaurant opening in Melbourne,5 and the chicken parmigiana is the subject of reviews on dedicated websites which compare the dish as purchased from various pubs deep down a region.2158 Other meals have also taken on the chicken parmigiana theme, including pies and Subway sandwiches.910 This dish was adopted by the Australians it is originally from Italy. In Italy it was served with pasta, and sometimes ail bread

David Camerons First Speech as Prime Minister Essay Example for Free

David Camerons First Speech as Prime Minister quizThis political speech made by United Kingdoms new prime minister David Cameron in May 2010 could be considered the beginning of a new era in the politics of the country because, for the first time after World War II, Britain would be in possession of a coalition government. David Cameron (born in capital of the United Kingdom in 1966) was elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005. He has modernised his Party, the Conservatives, by introducing new ideas such as the environmental defence, sprightly rights and abortion. He has a fresh, young and moderate image. The conservative leader gave this speech outside No 10 Downing Street right after being appointed Prime Minister. Cameron clearly describes UKs social and economic situation and points out the main challenges he will have to face during his office. He addresses to the citizens and subscribe to them for their help, however also to the political parties. In fact, one of his objectives for the term is to reform Parliament and to end with two-parties system. Cameron starts thanking the outgoing prime minister, Labours Gordon chocolate-brown, who succeeded Tony Blair in June 2007.Brown resigned in 11 May 2010 since the general elections left no society qualified to govern on its own and he could non reach an accordance with the Liberal Democrats to form a government. Labour Party was weak after ruling for 13 social classs and finally the Liberal opted for the Conservatives, despite they are not so close ideologically to the Tories. The Liberal, with 23% of the seats, and the Conservatives, with 36,1% of the seats, formed a coalition with Cameron as prime minister and Nick Clegg as deputy PM.As Cameron explains in his speech, UK is in need of a healthful and stable government, and both parties are willing to work together in spite of their differences. Cameron details as well some of UKs currents problems, basically the economic cr isis and the reform of the political system. In this regard, Clegg had already said during his campaign that UK was immersed in a inflection from the twosystem party to a more plural politics. According to him, this is a reform that any government should do to make people trust again in politics. Cameron didnt agree with Clegg, although it was something he had to accept to make a pact with the Liberals.The Labour Party had already made some changes in the House of Lords, but deeper reforms are needed to finish with the present system, that favours the majority parties (Conservatives and Labour) and is detrimental to third parties. At present the First-Past-The-Post (or simple majority) system is followed in general and local elections. That authority that the winner in each of the 650 electoral district gets a seat and all the rest of the votes are wasted. In consequence, the seats obtained by a party are not a actual representation of the number of votes. It could even happen th at the winner had more people voting against him that for him.Although it provides the country with stable and strong governments, this system has been questioned specially with the raise of the Liberal party, that in May was key to form a government. A referendum on the Alternative vote system is intend for citizens to decide. In the second part of this speech Cameron sends a message to the British society as he says that real change will sole(prenominal) be achieved if everyone pulls together, comes together, works together. Cameron mentions some words that represent his centre-right position freedom, fairness, family, values.At the same time, he is in some way anticipating the unpopular and hard measures he has taken recently. After half a dozen months in the government, the coalition has approved a plan to cut spending and reduce to a half deficit, which is the largest structural reckon deficit in Europe. The measures of the spending review are not popular around 500,000 pub lic jobs could be lost in four years the retreat age will be raised from 65 to 66 years by 2020 rents will be raised for new tenants in council housing and practice of law budget has been reduced by 20%.Changes will be also introduced in the unemployment subsidies, so that claimants who refuse three job offers will lose their allowance. Students have reacted by protesting violently in front of the Conservative headquarters. They complain specially about the raise in the tuition fees, that will be multiplied by three. The spending review is also facing critics of the Institute of Fiscal Studies the think-thank believes that the poor will be the most affected by the measures.During the campaign Labour, Liberal and Conservatives hold on the need to cut spending, but the proposal of Cameron was the hardest. At the same time, the Tories thought the reforms had to start immediately, while the Labour preferred to wait a year until the economic recovery was consolidated. Indeed, some fear that the spending review will not help UK to get out of the crisis, and they claim that the present difficulties are nevertheless an excuse to reduce the power of the state (an important principle in the Conservatives ideology).On the other side, Conservatives think that the private sector will be able to support the economy and will be reinforced, in spite of the cutback in spending. It is beyond doubt that the financial crisis has affected deeply all Europe, and that something had to be do to reduce the number of British citizens living on the governments subsidies. But it is not that clear that such strong measures had to be taken. UKs economic situation is not as bad as other countries in Europe (like Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain) and it is still an economic leader.At present I find difficult to say if Camerons decision is economically o politically driven. Only time will tell if the consequences on society, and specially on the poorest groups, were really disastrous or only a reasonable price to pay. Regarding Camerons intention to reform Parliament and the political system, it seems more like a requirement from the Liberal than a real wish. The Liberal were not as successful as they expected in the general elections, but they still were decisive to form a government.Consequently it could be expected that they wanted to assure to be more represented in upcoming ballots. Both Cameron and Clegg proved to be able to make concessions six months ago. It is already a good beginning, but Cameron has a difficult task in front of him. He brings a progressive message, but he represents a Conservative party. And he will have to negotiate with his partner in the government. I think it is still to early to judge Camerons ability to animize political life and make UK get out of the country.

Growing Up in s Christian Family

Growing Up in s Christian FamilyBeing raised up in a weirdly oriented family has its mix of b slightings and curses. The blessings be veritablely the security and st talent of a family whose foundation is bullockyly well planted in the Word of idol. The curses ar the problems that come as a result of be swept along the river of the faith of the parents. I am writing this paper with intentions of highlighting the readers with these problems in mind. As maven deal with considering the faith of the pre-adolescent baby birdren from within the congregation or from the family prospective, one ought to ask the question, When are children erect to steel the faith commitment of their liveliness? Therefore, onwards I draw my ideas from other various sources, I would like to start with a personal experience of a friend of mind whom I came to demand sex during my basic combat training in Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and whom we are stationed together in Camp Robinson, North Lit tle Rock.Andrew is chaplain assistance for my army whole and my culture battle buddy whom I thought would be a outmatch candidate to interview for my research paper. Based on his responses to my curiosity slightly his spiritual flavor, he informed me that his family was deeply involved in the life of the church way before he was born. His father was a church leader. Among his best friends, was the son of the church chairman and another was the pastors son. According to Andrew, he spent much of his time with his friends both at the church and at each others homes. distri scarcelyively of their parents played a social occasion in their formative years. This was our extended family. We were to a greater extent like cousins than friends, for each of our natural extended families were hundreds of miles away, he said with a grievous look on his face.He went further by saying that they were no different from the other kids, but evidently the bond that they had, held them closer to t he influence of the church. So, when it came to devising a decision for Christ, there unfeignedly was no decision, he said. In the case of Andrew, one is left to believe they had no other choice other than go with the flow. So, as early as the age of five, the three of the best friends would respond to the request of their childrens chapel teacher and prayed that delivery boy would come into their hearts without having a firm cognitive smack of their prayers. Was there a change in their lives? No, they were simply following the natural lodge of events for children in the church.Furthermore, Andrew stated that when they were twelve, after some(prenominal) years later, their sunlight school class met in the pastors study for b sharpism and membership class. Again, expectations dictated that by this time in their lives it was time to take this step. So, one Sunday evening the three friends, along with others in their class, stepped into the water and were baptized. Were we demo nstrating to the world that we were instanter dead in our sins and transformed into raw life in Christ? he wondered. No, we were following the sequence of events of all the church kids that went before us. It was a right of passage into the next level of life in the church. Were we forced or coerced into doing this? No, we want to take these steps because it was the proper thing to do.Andrew confessed that as he grew in his controling and faith, he came to resent both the actions of the church and home. He perceived the events as irresponsible and meaningless. He felt that he had been misled and was given a false sense of his position in Christ. I concluded that I was not deliver during those early years and I objected to the practice of child evangelism, he protested. This state of hostility toward his church lasted for close to three years during his late teens as he struggled with his bear identity and his relationship with divinity.Now, Andrew is a married man and Chapla in assistance in the military unit. His wife and he are planning to establish children in the nearest future. Therefore, in light of his own spiritual study he is left to wonder how he would measure a childs spiritual stage set or more explicitly, how would he know when a child is ready to make a decision for Christ and for baptism? It is with this question that every parents out there should take up in mind when considering spiritual formation of their preadolescence children.Another point one would want to put extra emphasis on is the psychological acquirement theory. Those of us who went through adolescent coiffe and the parents who work or live with adolescents know first-hand that they are at once impossible to live with and a joy to have around. They are moody, critical, combative, and absent-minded they are also creative, energetic, and impassioned about the world and their place in it. However, research on pre-adolescents development has shown clearly that the surface behaviors of early adolescents try poor clues as to what is really going on inside them, in their minds and souls. The common perception of students in middle schools is that they are constantly in squeeze and stress, peer driven, rebellious toward adults, moody, uncommunicative and unpredictable. Unfortunately, these views are popular myths and have resulted in generations of mis substantiateing and inappropriate attention to the films of 10 to 14 years old. proto(prenominal) adolescents are rarely perceived as being deeply thinking, caring and valuing individuals who are greatly influenced by loving adults. They are in the final heads of maturation the character and genius that will distinguish them as adults difficult, serious and personal questions and inquiries into the meaning of life and death are very important, for they play a decisive role in their faith development.In his theory of cognitive development (Table 1), Jean Piaget put forth the intellectual counterpart of biological adaptation to the environment. He said that as we adapt biologically to our environment, so too we adapt intellectually. Through assimilation, accommodation and rejection, the external world is organized and given structure.Adaptation begins at birth with the exercise of sensory-motor reflexes. Differentiations via reflexes are the first adaptations that are of eventual greatness in cognitive development. As the child develops, the adaptations he makes are increasingly less related to sensory and motor behaviors alone, and may be less clearly seen as adaptations by the untrained eye.Each successive stage is built upon the one before in an accumulating, readly, sequential and hierarchical manner. Yet the cognitive structures are developed in an invariant sequence. That is, the course of cognitive development, marked by the development of structures, is the same for all children, although the ages at which they attain particular structures may vary with intelligence a nd the social environment (Piaget and Inhelder, 1969, p. 153).Erik Erikson, in his theory of psychosocial stages (Table 2), similarly stated that an individuals personality develops according to predefined steps that are maturationally set. Society is structured in a way that invites and encourages the challenges that arise at these particular times. Each stage presents the individual with a crisis. If a particular crisis is handled well, the outcome is positive. If it is not handled well, the outcome is negative. The resolution of each stage lays the foundation for negotiating the challenges of the next.Lawrence Kohlberg views the development of morality in terms of moral argument (Table 3). The stage of moral reasoning at which plenty can be placed depends upon the reasoning behind their decisions, not the decisions themselves. He believes that the stages are sequential and that hatful do not skip stages, although they enter and leave them at varying times.Implications on reli shual DevelopmentUsing Piagetian, Eriksonian and Kolbergian theory, James Fowler set out to inform the fulfill of spiritual development in his description of several stages that occur in the development of faith in a persons lifetime (Table 4). He called the stage of most pre-adolescents to be mythic-literal faith. This stage is consistent with Piagets concrete operational stage and Eriksons industry vs. inferiority stage. It is at this stage that children develop their sense of position comparative to others in the peer group by mastering the academic and social skills. Their individuality is defined by their position in the group. They become less self-absorbed and begin to gain complex concepts like conservation. The child still has difficulty though with abstract terms such as license and liberty. Children at this stage understand the world on a basic concrete level.Fowler states that most adolescents are at synthetic-conventional faith. This stage correlates to Eriksons i dentity vs. role confusion stage and a more mature level of Piagets concrete operational stage. They develop a sense of who they are and where they belong. A strong emphasis is placed on being part of the group. There is an even more intense need for conformity and the approval of the community. Their identification and expression of faith are an extension of their family, their church and their peers.During childhood, spiritual beliefs and behaviors are greatly influenced by ones parents. Children tend to imitate their parents beliefs and behaviors. In adolescence, however, there is a change and a questioning of many of these religious beliefs. David deVaus looked at the importance of parental influence in relation to religious values and behavior in Australian teenagers. The results showed that, at least for religious activity (behavior), both parents and peers were about equal in importance. However, when asked who had been most influential in development of their religious feel ings, the most common answer was the mother (51 percent), followed by father (42 percent).According to Fowler it is not until a child reaches the next stage, individuative-reflective faith, that individuals begin to assume personal responsibility for their own commitments, life-styles, or beliefs. As this takes place, adolescents are forced to address unavoidable tensions amid the person they want to be and what others expect of them. This stage is associated with Eriksons intimacy vs. isolation and the beginning level of Piagets formal operational stage when children begin to develop close social relationships, showing a willingness to commit to others. They begin to develop the ability to test hypotheses in a mature, scientific manner and can understand and authorize their positions on complex ethical issues that demand an ability to use the abstract. They can think about thinking that is they become aware of the processes where by they come to carry a particular opinion. The y begin to own the beliefs they hold. They are becoming adults.Understanding the Implications and the DangersA girls body can begin to take on the shape and features of a woman. She can speak with the sophistication associated with adolescence or even adulthood. Social and legal arrangements can permit new freedoms simply because a person reaches a certain age. save until the evolution of meaning becomes interpersonal, there is a very real sense in which the person is not yet an adolescent. If those around her should mistake physiology, calendar age, or verbal ability for psychological age and expect her to function inter-personally, they create a situation which is dangerous for the developing teenager.In his discussion on the dangers of applying developmental theory to spiritual growth, John Ackerman states that we can make three grave mistakes. First, we may have a tendency to rank individuals according to their development. Second, we may think that because we have labeled them , we know them. Third, we may take the groupings and define an absolute relationship between psychological and spiritual growth. We need to know where people are developmentally, but the focus is on graven image, in the persons perception of God. (Ackerman, 1994, p. 111)I will venture to say that most churches, mine included, proceed with the expectation that chronological age defines spiritual readiness with respect to issues such as faith commitment and baptism. Within the structure of our institutions we have rituals that are performed, with some regularity, with children entering puberty. The Jewish Bar Mitzvah, Catholic and Lutheran Confirmation, and Baptist and Brethren Baptism are examples of ordinances that the church observes when children have reached their pre-teen years. Tradition dictates that at this age a child is ready to begin the transition to adulthood. They need to begin taking the faith they have been taught since infancy and make it their own. But are our chil dren really ready for such a step? Do they really understand the steps they are taking?The most common argument I hear in favor of child conversion are ground on verses like the followingAt that time Jesus said, I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children. monotone 1125.And he said I tell you the truth, unless you change and become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Matt 183.Jesus said, Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these. Matt 1914.Reasoning that God accepts the faith of a child, parents and teachers do their best to help the child to make these life decisions. But unfortunately, in the well-intentioned adults attempt to hurry up and pull through the children from eternal damnation, they have misunderstood the concept Jesus was teach. Taken in their proper context we see that Jesus teachings were pointing not to the childish faith as being the characteristic he was seeking, but to the humility and trust of a child as being the characteristic he was seeking in his followers. This teaching is not for the children but for the adults to follow. At that time the disciples came to Jesus and asked, Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven?He called a little child and had him stand among them. And he said I tell you the truth, unless you change and become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Therefore, whoever humbles himself like this child is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever welcomes a little child like this in my name welcomes me. But if anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to have a large millstone hung around his neck and to be drowned in the depths of the sea. Matt 181-6In each case, where Jesus speaks of the faith of a child he is using this att itude to offset the tendency for his followers to become proud and self-sufficient. One involve to see how helpless we really are without God and how our faith must grow out of ones trust rather than ones achievements.So how then do one assess childrens readiness to make these life ever- changing decisions? One ineluctably to consider each child as an individual and measure their spiritual readiness based upon their understanding of who God is and what he has through for them. Faith is a response to a need and if the child does not perceive the reality of the need then there cannot be true faith.measure Spiritual ReadinessDuring a recent Texas Baptist evangelism conference held in Fort Worth, leaders of a Bring the Children to Jesus workshop said Children should come to Jesus just like grown-ups freely. Parents should neither push them into premature professions of faith nor neglect their spiritual nurture.Teach parents that they have a responsibility to God in the stewardship of their childrens spiritual development, said Karen Cavin, minister of childhood education at Mimosa Lane Baptist Church, Mesquite, Texas, who led the workshop with Wayne Shuffield Jr., pastor of Royal Haven Baptist Church, Dallas, and co-author of Bring the Children to Jesus, a resource published by the Baptist General Convention of Texas evangelism division.The gospel plan of salvation can be explained in terms an older child a fourth-, fifth- or sixth-grader can easily understand, they noted. Realize children think in literal terms, so avoid figurative language, they suggested.Shuffield and Cavin advised parents and church leaders to look for signs of readiness in children such as Questions. Listen carefully to a childs questions about spiritual matters. If the child is petition who the guy was that climbed the sycamore tree, hes probably just asking for factual cultivation about Zaccheus, Shuffield said. Just because you know the verse follows about the Son of Man coming to s eek and save that which was lost, dont assume the child is making that leap. On the other hand, if a child begins to ask serious questions about sin, death and eternity, that could be a sign the Holy Spirit is drawing the child. look the level of interest and understanding by asking probing, open-ended questions, not queries that could be answered yes or no. Focus. Watch for a child who suddenly becomes focussed on religious instruction. Unusual attentiveness in Sunday school or during worship could be a signal a child is ready to make a faith commitment. Behavioral changes. Anything from a sudden interest in Bible-reading to expressions of guilt over wrongdoing at home could mean God is working in a childs heart.Shuffield said that while some young children genuinely are converted, that is the exception, not the rule. Pastors, teachers and parents can help young children by distinguishing between the natural desire of a child to express love for Jesus and the life-changing decisio n of receiving him as Lord and Savior.At another workshop, Childrens Church A untested Way, leaders suggested a combination of small-group sessions, self-guided activities and large-group time for childrens worship. Life development pastor Charlie McAllister and childrens worship leader Karen Lewis from the Houston-area Fellowship of The Woodlands said they incorporate lively music with a lot of hand motions, drama and secular videos with spiritual applications into their Adventure Zone childrens church service. We make it fun for the kids, Lewis said. Kids tell their parents, I want to go congest to that church where they sing, dance and have donut holes.We try not to make it like school, McAllister said. We want it to be fun. We involve the kids in worship. Our goal is to raise up a generation of worshipers. Kids learn by doing. Theres no altar call and no scare tactics. We let the Holy Spirit convict.In conclusion, taking the information presented by developmental psychology o ne might conclude that pre-adolescent children are simply not capable of making a decision for Christ. Maturely speaking, they have not developed the cognitive tools they need to come to this decision. Their thinking processes are still governed by mythical, literal understanding of their environment. They are more interested in date into the group than making individual decisions. But this conclusion would be flawed. Indeed, John Ackerman states that most adults within the church would possibly fall into this same category.Rather, when we look more closely at the evidence we come to the conclusion that there is no magical age at which a child suddenly becomes able to understand spiritual matters. It seems quite clear that the only way to assess the spiritual readiness of a child is on an individual basis. And the real problem exists not with the children but the adults who are trying to teach them.In our sometimes over-zealous attempts to bring children to a decision for Christ we forget what that decision is. First, it is the job of the Holy Spirit to convict the heart of the individual, to open their eyes to the truth, to help them understand the eternal significance of the decision. Only God knows when the time is right but we can curb for the signs to know when to open the Word to these children.Second, tradition and ritual can be quite meaningful in helping us define our relationship with God, but it cannot create that relationship. Only through teaching and discipleship can a child begin to define his or her own relationship with God. It is through good scriptural teaching that the child will understand why he needs the relationship and through godly Christian modeling that the child will understand how he develops that relationship.In many ways our traditions have made it so much easier to deal with issues pertaining to the spiritual development of children. They define the quantifiable standard and make the decision easy. They excuse us from the dif ficult job of working closely with each individual, to assess his or her specific spiritual needs. But in order to achieve the desired result a life-changing decision for Christ we must break free from our tradition and begin working to develop the spirituality of children in the only way that is truly effective individually.Table 1COGNITIVE growth PIAGETA. Four Factors Determining Development1) Maturation the gradual unfolding of the contractable plan for life.2) Experience the active interation of the child with the environment.3) Social Transmission the information and customs that are transmitted from parents and other people in the childs environment.4) Process of Equalibration the process by which the child seeks a balance between what they know and what they are experiencing. When thay are faced with information that calls for a new and different analysis or activity, children enter a state of disequalibrium. When this occurs, they must change the way they deal with the information and establish a new, more stable state of equalibrium.B. Concepts and Processes1) Scheme a method of dealing with the environment that can be widely distributedized to many situations.2) Adaptation can be understood in terms of adjustment. As the forces in the environment change, so must the individuals ability to deal with them. Adaptation involves two complementary processesa) Assimilation In this process, input is filtered or modified to fit already existing structures. When we assimilate something, we alter the form of the incoming stimulus to adapt it to our already established actions or structures.b) Accomodation The process that involves modifying internal existing schemes to meet the requirements of the new experience. When we accommodate, we create a new scheme or modify old ones.C. Cognitive Development Stages1) Sensorimotor Stage Birth to about Two years.Infants surface through their world using senses and motor activity. The develop object permane nce, the understanding that objects and people do not disappear merely because they are out of sight. Their abilities are limited by an inability to use language or symbols to communicate. Intelligence during this stage involves organized systems or schemes of actions and behaviors that become increasingly complex and coordinated.2) Preoperational Stage period Two to TenChildren can use on thing to represent another. They can use language to go beyond their own direct experience. But their understanding of the world is still limited. They oftem believe that inanimate objects have a life of their own. They are egocentric, believing that everyone sees a situation the wat they do. Preschoolers do not understand conservation, the idea of something remaining the same despite changes in appearance.3) Concrete Operational Stage Age Ten to FifteenChildren progress through this stage where many of the preoperational deficiencies are slowly overcome. Children begome less egocentric and beg in to understand conservation. The child still has difficulty though with abstract terms such as freedom and liberty. Children in this stage understand the world only on a concrete level.4) Formal Operational Stage Adolescence to AdulthoodChildren entering this stage now develop the ability to test hypotheses in a mature, scientific manner and can understand and communicate their positions on complex ethical issues that demand an ability to use the abstract. They can think about thinking that is they become aware of the processes where by they come to hold a particular opinion.Table 2PSYCHOSOCIAL possible action ERIKSONA. Eight Psychosocial Stages1) Trust vs. Mistrust The positive outcome of the stage of infancy is a sense of trust. If children are cared for in a warm, caring manner, they are apt to trust the environment and develop a feeling that they live among friends. If the parents are anxious, angry or incapable of meeting a childs needs, the child may develop a sense of m istrust. Trust is the cornerstone of the childs attitude toward life.2) Autonomy vs. Shame or Doubt Toddlers are no longer completely dependent on adults. They practice new physical skills and develop a sense of autonomy. If they are not allowed to do the things they can do or are forced to do things they are not ready for, they may develop a sense of doubt and shame about their own abilities and fail to develop self-confidence. If encourage to do what they can for themselves, they are helped to acquire a sense of autonomy.3) Initiative vs. Guilt At age four or five, children begin to formulate plans and carry it through. If encouraged to form their own ideas, the child will develop a sense of initiative. If punished for expressing their own plans, the child develops a sense of guilt, which leads to fear and a escape of assertiveness.4) Industry vs. Inferiority During middle childhood, children must learn the academic skills of reading, writing and math, as well as social skill s. If they succeed in acquiring these skills and if their accomplishments are valued by others, the child develops a sense of industry. If they are constantly compared to others and come up a distinct second, they may develop a sense of inferiority.5) Identity vs. Role Confusion During adolescence, children must decide their own vocational and personal future. They develop a sense of who they are and where they belong. The child who develops a strong sense of identity formulates a satisfying plan and gains a sense of security. Those who do not develop this sense of identity may develop role confusion, a sense of aimlessness and being adrift without an anchor or plan.6) Intimacy vs. Isolation The positive outcome of the psychosocial crisis of young adults, involving development of close interpersonal relationships, most often typified by marriage. The negative outcome of this stage is the unwillingness or inability to commit to others.7) Generativity vs. Stagnation The positive ou tcome of the psychosocial crisis of middle age involves giving of oneself and ones talents to others. It is primarily concerned with establishing and guiding the next generation, investing something of oneself in the future. The negative outcome of this stage involves absorption in ones own personal needs and an inability or unwillingness to give to others.8) Integrity vs. Despair The positive outcome of this last stage involves the realization that ones life has been worthwhile. After a life time of facing challenges and problems, they can look back on a productive life. Mature adults have a different perspective on life and see their lives as having a purpose. People who see only missed opportunities may become bitter and depressed.Table 3STAGES OF MORAL REASONING KOHLBERGA. Preconventional levelThe child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right and wrong, but interprets these either in terms of the physical or hedonistic consequences of action( punishmen t, reward, exchange favors) or in terms of the physical power of those who enunciate the rules. The level is divided into two stagesStage 1 Punishment and obedience orientation.The physical consequences of action determine its uprightness or badness regardless of the meaning or value of these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning deference to power are valued in their own right, not in terms of respect for an underlying moral order.Stage 2 Instrumental relativist orientation.Right action is that which instrumentally satisfies ones own needs and occasionally the needs of others. Human relations are viewed in terms of the marketplace. Fairness, reciprocity, and equal sharing are present, but are always interpreted in a physical, hardheaded way. Reciprocity is a matter of you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours, not of commitment, gratitude, or justice.B. Conventional levelMaintaining the expectations of the individuals family, group, or nation is perceived as va luable in its own right, regardless of consequences. The attitude is not only one of conformity to personal expectations and social order but also of loyalty to it, of actively maintaining, supporting, and justifying it, of identifying with persons or group involved in it. This level has two stagesStage 3 Interpersonal concordance or good boy / elegant girl orientation.Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. There is much conformity to stereotypical images of what is majority or natural behavior. Behavior is ofttimes judged by intention he means well becomes important for the first time. One earns approval by being nice.Stage 4 Law and order orientationOrientation is toward authority, fixed rules, and the maintenance of the social order. Right behavior consists of doing ones duty, showing respect for authority, maintaining the social order for its own sake.C. Postconventional, Autonomous, or Principled LevelThe person makes a clear effort to de fine moral values and principles that have validity and application by from the authority of the groups or persons holding these principles, and apart from the individuals own identification with these groups. This level has two stagesStage 5 Social-contact, legalistic orientationGenerally with utilitarian overtones. Right action is defined in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been critically examined and agreed upon by society. The person is clearly aware of the relativism of values and opinions and so emphasizes procedural rule for reaching consensus. Aside from what is constitutionally and democratically agreed upon, right is a matter of personal values and opinions emphasis is thus on the legal point of view, but with the possibility of changing law in terms of rational considerations of social utility rather than freezing law for the sake of social order. Outside the legal realm, free parallelism and contract is the binding element. This is the offici al morality of the American government and Constitution.Stage 6 Universal ethical principle orientationRight is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality, and consistency. These principles are abstract and ethical they are not concrete moral rules. At the heart, these are universal principles of justice of the reciprocity and equality of human rights and of respect for the dignity of human beings as individual persons.Table 4STAGES OF FAITH DEVELOPMENT FOWLERStages Description of CharacteristicsPre StagePrimal Faith * Undifferentiated faith(Infants to 2 years) * Embedded in reflexes, sensing, sensor motor skillsStage OneIntuitive-Projective Faith * observance of parental /family faith and religious traditions(Pre-school childr

Biology Essays Factors affecting mammal population in the neotropics

Biology Essays Factors change mammal population in the neotropicsAn essay on the factors come acrossing mammal population in the neotropics and the ch every(prenominal)enges managing these populations.IntroductionThe Neotropics includes Mexico, Central America, South America, the Caribbean and Southern Florida and it likewise hold the greatest amount of standing forests. These wooded wild records argon arial mosaic in a variety of green that together add up to some 1.37 million acres. Mammals in these areas are affected by several factors which affect their livelihood and sustenance. As a result, any of these species are either being extinct or reduced.Mammals are described as any of a hulky theme of warm-blooded vertebrate animals characterized by having mammary glands in the female, which is used for suckling the young. Other features includes hairs which are very reduced in some species much(prenominal)(prenominal) as whales, a middle ear somaed from three small bones ( ossicles), a lower jaw consisting of two bones only, seven vertebrae in the neck and no nucleus in the red blood cells. Mammals belong to the class Mammalia. They are divided into three groups. Eutherians (Placental mammals), this is where the young develop inside the renders body in the uterus and receives nourishment from the blood of the mother via the placenta. The Marsupials (Pouched mammlas), where the youngs are born at an early stage of outgrowth and develop futher in a pouch on the mothers body where they are attached to and feed from a nipple and the final group being, Monotremes (Egg- laying mammlas), this is where the young hatch from an egg outside the mothers body and then nourished with milk.The monotremes are the least evolved and have been largely displaced by more sophisticated marsupials and placentals, so they are only a few types surviving platypus and echidna. Placental mammals have spread to all parts of the lump where they have competed with marsupials the y have in general displaced the marsupial types. However, marsupials occupy many specialized niches in South America and especially Australia.There are everywhere 4000 species of mammals, adapted to almost every elan of aliveness, with the smallest shrew weighing 2g/0.07oz and the largest the whale up to 140 tons.According to the Red list of endangered species published by the World Conservation Union for 1996, 25% of mammal species population is threatened with extinction. The Red list of endangered species is a scientific assessment of the status of the beings animal species. Although it carries no legal force this external compilation is seen by many scientist and conservationist as a warning of global compensate in the wildlife biodiversity.The report in any case sates that 24 of the 26 orders of mammalian species are at the brink of extinction globally with an excess of 50% of the neotropical mammalian species. A leading cause of this decline in population is due to habit at degradation and destruction which is mostly due to human population and economic development, such(prenominal) as, over hunting, pollution and deforestation. There is similarly the introduction of non native species that plays a signififannyt threat to mammalian species survival along side climatic changes.This assigning will discuss the factors affecting mammal population in the neotropics and also I will seek to list the challenges managing these populations.Factors affecting mammals of the neotropicsHumans are the principal cause of neotropical mammalian loss. They destroy the full treatments which provide food and also shelter for the animals and also hunt for them and utilize their meat as food and their skin for clothing. Plants are generally taxonomically diverse and omnipresent. They function as primary producers hence they are the most critical components in the maintenance of a vibrant operable mammalian population. It provides food for almost all mammals, coveri ngs for numerous organisms, stabilize water sheds functioning and also provide a variety of other critical bionomic functions such as stabilizing the earths oxygen content and nitrogen fixation which are vital for the animals survival. Most of this destruction by adult male (a mammal) occurs to clear land for agriculture and cattle grazing, even though much of the forested land is inappropriate for farming or ranching. Cutting down of the plant removes most of the nutrients from the ecosystem, leaving soil that will only be able to support intensive agriculture for a couple of seasons. Over the past decade, big forest fires, timber extraction by local and foreign companies, mining, the building of dams, and population growth have also made significant contributions to forest loss in the neotropics. Population growth and economic expansion have led to the construction of new roads and buildings that both physically and ecologically fragment the forest, reduce its vitality. The now plantless lands or once forested areas are subsequently being used for the construction of homes, and consequently animals are being forced to migrate form these areas resulting in reduction in the species population.Habitat fragmentation could result in the loss and strain on the mammalian population. Some animals can benefit from the fragments of land while others may not. Depending on the size of the island patches large animals like jaguars can find it very difficult to obtain sufficient food for their survival.Many mammals such as manatees, cows, pigs, and sheep just to name a few are capture and used by public for food purposes. In addition to be hunted for food purposes some animals are hunted primarily for clothing and ornamental purposes.Wildlife trade also reduces the population or destroys the habitat of many neotropical mammals. Wild life trade is the third largest illegal trade in the world and it has an estimate of $1 billion on the Brazilian market alone. It affect s most of the species that are formally listed as endangered species. As it relates to Brazil wildlife animals are officially being held in captivity including the threatened species such as the golden lion lion marmoset and the capuchin monkeys. Over the years, penalties have been enforced on poachers and people who obtain the wild animals. Mammals that are being taken out of their natural habitat are being trained and used as game animals for exhibition and economical purposes.Neotropical environments are also threatened by intensifying and poorly planned developments. much(prenominal) development has resulted in ecosystem devastation. Pollution of rivers, beaches and other water beds by industrial, municipal and human waste has resulted in the loss or illness of many aquatic mammals such as dolphins. In the most industrialized country, Brazil, pollution in the area has often resulted in acid rain over the forest remnants. Fires such as campfires and accidental forest fires play a critical role in the depletion of the species.Noise pollution also plays a part in the misgiving of mammals population especially underwater noise pollution which is a disturbing problem that is quickly degrading the ocean life. This type of pollution can be described in many ways, simply because the ocean is filled to the brim with loud noises coming from various sources for example, military sonar, used for defensive and research purposes, sportfishing boats, merchant ships, research vessels, and oil rigs. Some of these noises are as a result of human activity.The increase of noise in the ocean has adverse effects on marine mammals in almost every aspect of their life, one of which is their behaviour. In order to communicate with each other, many species of whales depend on perceive calls from other whales. These calls can easily be hidden behind acoustic masking from sounds in the same frequency areas. For example, the calls of baleen whales (humpback, blue, fin, and grey whales) are frequencies that range from 20 to 500 Hz. Sonar and even natural sources frequencies of sounds can mask the calls of whales and other marine mammals and significantly alter their natural behaviors. This noise can also cover other behaviors such as dolphin special echolocation skills used for navigational purposes, foraging for food, and communication within the specific group members.You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out moreThe building of roads and other building can divide biomes and isolate many animals in the neotropics through the clearing of trees. Road traffic also causes pollution and also kills many of the animals. Many highways and buildings have been built without necessary environmental bear on reports, and many are left unfinished, leaving neighboring areas vulnerable to severe erosion, that can have negative outcome on the animals survival.Climatic changes can also have impacts on the species population. High environmental temperatu res can lessen male fertility by damaging or killing sperm, While, it can also blow up blood flow changes that reduce the flow of blood to the uterine tract, damaging or killing developing embryos in females thus lowering, their fertility rate.All the to a higher place factors can have and is having a great impact on the neotropical mammal population.Challenges managing the factors affecting the neotropic mammal populationAlthough neotropical mammals, are faced with many challenges in transaction with their continuous existence, various managing schemes are being put in place to prevent these hazardous impacts to control their population.Conservation projects have being established in selected areas in an attempt to reverse the trend in declining population sizes. These projects play a vital part in the development of ecotourism in almost all parts of the neotropics and also the protection and conservation of various animal species. In terms of ecotourism development, tourists wil l have to pay to visit areas with interesting natural and ethnical features. Conservationists from the various projects can also work along with local communities to educate people about the value of the wildlife in the area, to eliminate illegal hunting and to serve well communities in developing farming and logging methods that are habitat and also animal friendly. The implementation of national parks and other private organizations can also play a part in conservation activities that can help to eradicate and protect the neotropical animals who lives are at stake.In addition to the development in ecotourism, the establishment of protected areas can also play a part in protecting the species diversity. Protected areas establishment will tend to have alpha economic as well as social function in conserving biodiversity.Captive breeding is another managing scheme which can help with this. It focuses on the replica of rare animals in captivity. The legal practice of captive breeding increases the population of many endangered species world wide. Species that are being held captive in this way can serve as a demographic and genetic reservoir for the species. Examples of few neotropical mammals held captive are the golden lion tamarin the capuchin monkeys, seals manatees and wildcats such as jaguar. A penalty of a fixed amount should be enforced to the various people of the different regions who practice the illegal capturing and use of the animals in the wild for their own purposes such as exploitation and over hunting.In 1975, the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) treaty prohibited international trade on most wild cats and was dramatically effective in curtailing trade of jaguar skins.In closing it can be noted that a wise approach towards the neotropical regions can be of great importance in the conservation of the animals species diversity. Although many of these approach are being taken by humans (a mammal), much more measures should be put in place try and curb this situation, because they are some heartless people who are still practicing these wicked activities and should be punished for their heartless actions.With this in place there will be a rich mammalian population not only in the neotropical regions but also other parts of the world.ReferencesLindley, David (1998) Websters New World Dictionary of Science, Helicon Publishing LimitedWhitmore, T.C. (1998) An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests, due south Edition Oxford University Press New York www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/cerrado/biodiversity.xml date accessed 2008-02-26http//www.rainforest-alliance.org/aar.cfm?id=conservation date accessed 2008-02-26

The Overall Concerns Of Resource Depletion Environmental Sciences Essay

The Over all told Concerns Of Resource Depletion Environmental Sciences EssayRecently, people become in truth concern about the environmental gists. Our environment is our surrounding, its a gift that we pass on to keep , take c be of and serve. One of the main problems that facing the globe is pick depletion .Resource depletion either it was for non-renewable or renewable sources, it has negative influence in both society and economy. Depletion of imageryfulnesss leave make them very expensive. Or even after eld from now we will not find imaging to pay for .M clearly institution raise this problem up to aware people about this risk, a suggested resolving causation is renewable situation. We should start thinking about the next generations. Renewable competency will be always in that location, there is plenty of it for redeem and future, especially beca use up the creation is facing continuous growing in universe of discourse which is considered the main reason f or resource depletion.AbstractIn this musical composition we started by explaining the meaning of resource depletion. We mentioned nearly causes of this problem. The main three parts of resource depletion that we choose are fossil fuel depletion, urine depletion and forest depletion. For fossil fuel we suggested renewable capacity technologies as solution. We choose to talk about solar capacity, turn on spot and hydroelectric power. For the piddle depletion we shew how water is important . too we discussed some methods to maintain water which are reclaimed water, solar desalination and rainwater harvesting. The third type is forest depletion and we suggested recycling as solutionThe meaning of resource depletionResource of depletion its an economic backchat which mean all natural resources that divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources, have been exhausted within a region. Using the resources beyond its calculate we thought whatever replacement for it is considered as resource depletion. The human present tense use resources without care about if they house find it in the future for the new generation. The depletion of natural resources continues which have 11.8% of global environmental problem. An average of 23% of Imagine flat coats s aneles are degraded to the extent that their productivity is limited. 1% each year of the countrys forested arena is passage spilewardly. thither are water dearths, and 100 high plant species are threatened during the dry seasons. Because of expansion and intensification of agriculture, among early(a)s also for reasons of commercialization and increase of global trading the pressure on the natural resources will increase.A lot of resources in the military personnel have been decline a very year, such as fisheries, equatorial forests, water, fossil fuels ( fossil anele, natural bumbleoline and coal) and materials.The first report to the Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth, was pu blished in 1972. It marked the beginning of ripe environmental policy. The report high decreaseed the impossibility of sustaining exponential function economic growth and its associated Resource Depletion (1).The environmental policy has change to other policy filed in the twenty-five years after Limits to Growth, as example as we have released that the plenty resources of coal in the world, we bungholenot fully exploited because of the climate Change.Despite this the threat of Resource Depletion is still continue. Focusing on the mineral oil during the first and second oil crises (1973-1974, 1979) has been replaced by a longr picture of resources including filthwater, energy, land, fertile soil, forests and fish stocks. One common aspect of these resources is their depletion may have economic repercussions.Causes of resource depletionExcessive or unnecessary use of resourcesNon-equitable distribution of resourcesOverpopulationSlash and burn agricultural practices, currently occ urring in many developing countriesTechnological and industrial knowledgeErosionIrrigationMining for oil and minerals.Types of resource depletionFossil fuels depletionThe fossil fuels are very important key for energy in the world and for modern economic, which is non-renewable resource that takes a meg of years to create. The fuels are oil, coal and natural gas. It is 86% of the world of global energy supplies nowadays. Fossil fuel helps to produce cheap energy that modern industries depend on it. It buns be burned and producing significant amounts of energy per unit weight .Also, it is primary source of the cheap energy that powers our modern Industrial Civilization that depends on it such as automotive Industry, steel Industry and transportation Industry.Nowadays we are facing a huge level crisis in energy. Any careful examination of the writings and papers of the worlds leading energy scientists will convince the reader of the validity of the fossil fuel energy crisis. The U. S. Department of Energy Projects tell us the demand of fossil fuel energy will increase approximately 60% between 2006 and 2030 globally. The energy crisis is cause by the depletion of fossil fuels.From the graph you can see the depletion of world fossil fuels energy from 1900 to 2300.The Industrial civilization cannot exist without oil. The prices of the oil have drawn attention to the issue of the relative tote up and demand for basic oil that has a central place in the modern economy.The Knowledge of petroleum geology has made great advances in recent years. It transpires that the bulk of the Worlds current production comes from deposits formed in deuce brief and exceptional epochs, 90 and 150 million years ago. This tells us that oil is a finite resource, which means that it is matter to depletion.Is the oil running out? Yes, we started when we produced the first drum. barely Running Out is not the major issue as the resource will not be finally exhausted for very many years. The important question that we should have answered it is when will production reach a peak and begin to decline?Gas depletion you can see from the graph the amount of natural gas apply between 1965 and 2004. This is look as depletion because gas is burned much more than quickly than it is formed. in that location are limited natural gas reserves. During the 40 year period, the gas equivalent of al or so 60 billion tones of oil was used up. The region that used the most gas over this period was the United States, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine and Canada. Nearly all the natural gas that has been burnt as fuel was burnt during these forty years, and the years since. Until about 1965 natural gas from oilfields was often considered hopeless, so was disposed of by flaring. It has since been used bigly, as a fuel.Water depletionWater is other important resource for irrigation, drinking, cleaning and in every part of the global. There are too kind of water Groundwater and surface water. The water depletion is very important issue after the fossil fuels depletion because of decreasing in clean and fresh water in some stance and areas. The United Nations Global Environment Outlook have Four reports estimate, a third of the worlds current population will live in areas with water misfortunateage by 2025, while the remaining two-thirds are expected to be under water stress that mean almost 2 billion people. That means there will be no enough water in the future for sustain agriculture, energy production, industry and domestic life at all.The groundwater is an important resource finishedout the world for some country especially US it supplies many of the human postulates. It is the source of drinking water for about half the total population and nearly all of the rural population, and it provides over 50 billion gallons per day for agricultural needs in the United States. A lot of area in the United States they have groundwater depletion. What mean Groundwate r depletion? Groundwater depletion is a term that defined as long-run water-level declines caused by sustained groundwater pumping, is a key issue linked with groundwater use. We can compare water stored in the ground with the money that kept in a bank account. Pumping water out of the ground faster than it is replenished over the long-term cause a problem. The volume of the storage water in the ground is decreasing in many areas especially in the United States because of pumping. Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping and pumping groundwater at a faster rate than it can be recharged can have some negative effects of the environment and the people who use the water, such asdrying up of wellsreduction of water in streams and lakesdeterioration of water qualityincreased pumping costsland subsidenceThe chart shows monthly-mean water levels from 1964 to 2003 for a well in Cook County, sourthwest Georgia. The well is used for irrigation and public- s how purposes and offers a comfortably visual representation of long-term groundwater declines payable to excessive pumping7. woodlandwind instrument resources depletionThe Echo systems help sustains life for millions of species. It is the forests that provide a home for a large majority of the species alive. Therefore the most important species are trees in these forests. There are many pull aheads that we can get from forests some of these benefits are cleaner drinking water, a home for plants and animals, economic growth, clean impart, recreational opportunities, reassuring future. Also there is some other benefit we can get from trees is called oxygen. We would not be able to live If there were no trees to give us oxygen to breath. So this is a very important reason to protect forest which is staying alive. Forests have many resources that people can use to raise their living standards. For example the wood for building houses and paper making. Some wood materials last a lo ng time so they keep the house tippy and make it easy to make out homes. Unfortunately the overpopulation and the demand for a higher standard of living are constantly increasing. Therefore the demand for more resources is increasing to levels that cannot be sustained any more. Since forests provide a large of resources to the worlds, so many forests are cut down or burned, because human demand and greedLook around yourself decline now and you will find a product within your reach that is made of wood. The cause for cutting down forests and depletion is directly associated to manufacture paper products and ram down for other manufacturing like furniture. We use wood for everything in our live. It is used in home building, furniture, marine products and the list seems like its endless. Not only wood is good building material, but also has great aesthetic qualities. Unfortunately we dont always take in to account how many trees need to be cut down so we can have luxuries furniture in our lives.Another direct cause for forest depletion is simply burning forests for farmland. Many poor farmers burn or cut small area from the forests in some countries so they can have room for farming and cattle, these countries are undeveloped and have tropical rainforests. But the problem in the big scale is created when thousands of square acres a year burned by huge corporate farms. They need this much area to provide farming on a much larger scale to compete in the world market for food. The reason forests are burned is due to the rich minerals fertility of the soil. Some farmers in undeveloped countries they dont have any education in how they can re-use the soil. So that the soil is use up and leftover as a desert, while they burn and cut more forest to make another farm. The Amazon rainforest which located in South the States is the largest in the world has fallen to be victim of disforestations. Also, as another example of country that has fallen to be victim of defor estations is Brazils market which is the third of all the Latin countries. The Brazils foreign debt, except in the most unlikely of positive economic conditions, is simply unsustainable in the further years. The economical pressure on a country is an additional cause that forces a country to deforestation such as the case in Brazil. The data shown from 1978 to 1988 that 230,000 square miles was affected from deforestation, by staple fibre Science and Remote Sensing Initiative (BSRSI). That is 16.5% of the entire rainforest in the Amazon.The farming is another example shows the cause of deforestation. Between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europes process magnetic core imports that came from Brazil rise from 40 to 74 percent according to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). By 2003 the growth in Brazilian cattle production-80% of which was in the Amazon-was mostly export driven, for the first time ever. As more roads are built to provide access to forests in und eveloped countries more deforestation will appear.As we side before about the benefit of the forests .We get a large part of our oxygen from plant such as trees and most of the trees live in forests. It is important for human to understand the problem with deforestation may have on our air quality. The gas that has an impact on the babys room effect is Carbon dioxide (CO2). There is a cycle between CO2 producers such as cars and CO2 consumers such as plants called the Global Carbon Cycle. The tropical forests hold 460-575 billion metric tons of carbon worldwide in the plants and soil. From 1850 to 1990 deforestation worldwide released 122 billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere, with the current rate being between 1.6 billion metric tons per year. Therefore deforestation plays a significant role in Global Warming and clean air. Also, another problem with deforestation is a decrease in biodiversity. The biodiversity is important for Ecosystem sustainability, agriculture, m edicine and recreation, aesthetic and commercial value. There are about 5 to 80 million species that live on this world. The tropical rainforests are home to more than half of the species living in the world. After deforestation, many species cannot live and possibly go to extinct. For many resources we depend on these species, so their extension will take from us their benefits.The solutionFor fossil fuel depletionRenewable energyBecause what fossil fuel coal, oil and natural gas cause to our environment and because the scientist warn of decreasing of amount of fossil fuel. We need to use other sources to provide energy both for present and future generations. There are other alternative which give billions of people the energy they need more than that, it consider to be clean and low-carbon energy systems and they will never run out .these alternative are renewable energy such as solar energy ,wind power ,geothermal ocean energy, biomass and hydro energy. In this report we will co ncentrate in solar energy, wind power and hydropower which are clean sources and clean technologies. Different type of renewable energy varies according to the cost, topical anaesthetic conditions and performanceThese sources of energy can replace fossil fuel. Reported from the European Renewable Energy Council 2004 said that renewable energy could provide the power needs, and supply 50% of the worlds energy by 2040.Not only have that, but renewable energy technologies dont produce greenhouse gases emissions and can addressed climate change. Japans Ministry has a study about the Environment conclude that renewable energy could reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a level a 70% reduction by 2050. The graph below show the use of worldwide energy for all energy types .The graphical record 2 show the expected future behavior by the EIA (Energy Information Administration) it shows that oil and coal will keep increasing. Nuclear power will increase but will not lead. While the condition of renewable energy is uncertain. They think that it capacity will explode.Graph 2 worldwide energy use by energy Type.Solar energySun dispirit or solar energy sends out every day from the sun .is the most form of renewable energy. The usage of solar energy in renewable energy technology it either direct disturb buildings and water and to have electricity. or indirect because the heat from the sun cause the movement of the wind which we take benefit from it in wind power ,also it provide trees the main source to grow which used in biomass energy more than that sun light cause the vaporization which makes hydropower pass by.The direct use of solar energy dont cause pollution in air or water more than that it is available everywhere on Earth. The light reaches us from the sun by two different radiation types. One of them reaches earths surface in an unbroken line which called direct, while the radiation that spread by clouds, dust, humidity and pollution is called diff..so we have t wo technologies for the solar energy. One of them uses mirror to concentrate the direct radiation. PV cells and other solar technologies for diff radiation.Know if we want to ask ourselves why solar power? Because it doesnt bring co2 in one hour sun shine, the Earth receives more energy than human put away in whole year. Also, the Sun has enough helium mass to supply the Earth with energy for another five billion years. The Americas Department of Energy said that, if solar panels placed on 0.5% of USAs mainland landmass, it could grant for all of its electricity needs. It is true that solar energy is five times the fossil fuel price, but once it is employ it pay for it selfThe Environmental Impact of Solar energy technologies do not cause pollution, some thermal energy technologies need cooling by water, which can be recycled. Only small amounts of unsafe substances are formed in the manufacture of p angryovoltaic cells and CSP equipment. For the land required Most PV systems are i nstalled on existing structures such as homes and buildings which doesnt need extra area . but CSP plants need large land, For example, One CSP plant near Las Vegas covers 400 acres and can produce 64 MW of electricity. Which is enough to power 15,000 homes annually.The cost of the solar energy decrease but it is still expensive. In U.S 2006 trade electricity prices for all sectors averaged 8 cents per kWh, and for housing electricity, the price averaged about 10 cents per kWh. But CSP systems generated electricity at a cost of 12 cents per kWh, while PV systems generated electricity for about 18 to 23 cents per kWh.PV systems usually generate more electricity during the hottest time as shown in the graph3 . And this is another advantage of solar energy. In Texas, the need is at peak in the summer because of air conditioning when the solar source is maximum. More than that, the most need for electricity is in the later afternoon period when existing solar energy is high.Graph 3 perc entage of generate electricity by solar system among the yearThe Solar Electricity, to convert the solar energy to electricity. There are two ways which are photovoltaic and solar thermal systems.The name of Photovoltaic is from the words photo which means light and the word volt, the short of photovoltaic cells is PV cells or solar cells. Some example of PV which change sunlight into electricity in Solar-powered toys, calculators, and roadside lights as shown in the Figure1.Figure 1 PV cellsThe wide use of PV cells because it made from silicon material, it is the same material that makes up sand and it is the second most widespread material on earth. PV cells can provide power to anything that is powered by batteries or electrical power. Also because the transfer of sunlight into electricity happen silently and right awaySolar Thermal Electricity, It has two names as well solar thermal systems and concentrated solar power (CSP), It also convert solar energy to electricity, but in a different way. This way need solar collector with mirror in order to gather the sunlight onto a receiver that heats a liquid. Then the hot liquid create steam to generate electricity in the same way of coal plants as shown in Figure 2. the usage of this type is wide .In Mojave Desert There are nine solar thermal power plants which create 360 MW of electricity.Figure 2 concentrated solar powerWind powerWhat is the meaning of wind? Wind is the movement of air. When it happen? It happen when hot air moves up and cooler air swap it. The energy of moving air used long time ago in sailing and ext. Nowadays wind energy generates electricity by capturing the wind in wind turbines. How it happen? Wind power is in fact a form of solar power, it caused by heat that comes from the sun. Solar radiation causing the Earths surface to be warm and it heat the water, sand and stone at day time and it cool at bight. The hot air move up and that cause reduce in the atmospheric pressure near the surfac e of the earth which make the cooler air replace it. This movement called wind.The energy caused by the wind power is gaudy and Renewable energy. It uses natural and infinite sources. More than that it doesnt cause pollution or wasteThe Energy caused by the wind is relative to the cube of wind velocity.The equivalence of wind power is the followingPower = density of air x swept area x velocity cubed , P = ..A.v3velocity (v) is in m/s, at sea level (density of air is 1.2 kg/m3) the power density in the wind will range from 10W/m at 2.5m/s (a light breeze) to 41,000W/m at 40m/s (a hurricane).In general, wide areas have annual wind speeds below 3m/s this number is not useful for wind power system. For the area which have annual wind speeds more than 4.5m/s wind power will be economically useful. That why this source of energy is more economically practical in windy areas. In fact the energy which produced by a wind turbine can increase by 20% for each 10% increase in wind speed. The graph 4 below show that when wind speed increase the power output increase proportionally.Graph 4the relationship between wind speed and power output.The world-wide require for wind turbines has been raising quickly over the last 15 years.In 2001 the wind energy industry set up 5,500 MW power generators. More than 24,000 MW of wind power is now expected to be in action around the world .the graph 5 below shows the increasing in depending on wind power throw the years.Graph 5 increasing of wind energy use.Turbines used to cover the demand of electricity. so , the size of the turbine enlarged from 100 kW to 1 MW of electricity generation power, even residential offshore as shown in the Figure 3 below.Figure 3 2 MW Wind Turbines at 40 MW Offshore, Windfarm in Denmark.HydropowerThe word Hydro means water. Moving water have energy and that what we call it Hydropower. Technology has made this energy to be able to change it to electricity. The force of Gravity, which attracts the objects a nd drags them down, it, pulls the water from high land to lower land. This water which falls down has a power. More than that, Water is a renewable source, because of the continuous cycle of evaporation and precipitation. But how this cycle happen? it always start from the sun , The heat of the sun reaches to water in the earth surface , and that lead to evaporation in ocean and other water surfaces and form clouds. After that the rain or snow falls down to earth, and drains into rivers and streams that run again to the ocean. As in the check 4 .This moving water could power water wheels that operate mechanic processes, and captured by turbines and generators. The cycle of water is always there, it will not run out.Figure 4 water cycle.We imitate the natural behavior of moving water. By building dam in a river in order to capture the water, then it will formulate a big lake at the back of dam. We this lake is called a reservoir. When the water allowed moving by opening the dam it will run down and operate the huge wheels of turbine. From the power we get in this process we can generate electricity.Hydropower has more than 92 % among renewable energy as shown in graph 6 .It is commonly among developed countries around world. About 150 countries, nowadays there are around 2,000 dams in U.S only.Graph 6 amount of electricity generated from different types of renewable energy.In order to have continuous supply of electricity in an interconnected grid which rely in both wind and hydropower technologies. Hydropower can be used to cover for wind power and vice versa. That means when there is no wind, we can depend on hydropower. Also when there is low water period we can use wind to generate power usually generated by the hydropower systems.For water depletionWhy save water?Many people say, we dont have t consider water lost because water is covering 71% of the earth. However, most people dont know that this percent dividend to 1% for freshwater, 97% is too table salty for human use, and the rest is frozen, and Figure 5 show how hard it is to find freshwater on earth ether it is ground water or iced. This sum up the 1/3 of the worlds population is already facing problems due to both water shortage and poor drinking water quality, and the UNESCO has predicted that by 2020 water shortage will be a flagitious worldwide problem. So, who is responsible to save water? Farmers, governments, engineers and people, they all play an important role to save water.Figue 5 Water distribution on earth in precentage.Governmental effortsSome governments around the world developed an environmental policies and guidelines, some of them is provide water efficiency regulation. Their main policy is to sustain natural recourse such as water, and any sustainable development that serves future generations economically, environmentally, and socially. Examples for these organizationsThe Australian National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS)The Indian Ministry of Water Resources.The Qubec Ministry of sustainable Development, Environment and ParksU.S. Green Building CouncilThe UNICEFEstidamWater sector in the United StatesUSGSUN-HABITATThe Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)etcAll of these organizations tend to improve the sustainable developments in their regions.Sustainable waterThere are soo many ways to sustain water, and we are going to discuses some of the known methods to maintain water.Reclaimed waterIs a term used for recycling water. Rather than dispose wastewater -sewage and greywater-, reuse it in non-potable uses, such as irrigation, dust control, and fire suppression. However, this reclaimed water need to follow up in some procedure to make it applicable to use.Wastewater treatment process, it is the process of removing physical, chemical and biological contaminants from sewage and wastewater through and through physical, chemical, and biological processes, to manufacture an environmentally safe fluid suitable for disposal o r reuse. And from figure 6 we can study the treatment process exploratory preachingIt is a physical process by using devices to remove or cut out large objects such as in native solids, oil and greases to protect pumping equipment and facilitate subsequent treatment processes from damage these object can do.Examples for these devicesScreensComminuting devices (shredders , cutters, grinders)Grit chambersPreparation tanksAnd chlorination is needed in preliminary treatment.Primary TreatmentAfter Preliminary process, some suspended solids still contained by the treatment water, it is removed by physical process of deposition through a sedimentation tanks which hold the treatment water for 2 or 3 hours, and the suspended solids - scoop- settle on the tank are removed with mechanical scrapers and pumps. And the floating sludge are removed by surface skimming equipment.Secondary TreatmentIn this stage a microorganisms are involved to remove dissolved organic matter from what remained in the wastewater. These microorganisms feed on organic matter from sewage as their energy supply.Final TreatmentIn the final treatment chorine is add to remove all pollutants from the water, and the product is usable water.Figure 6 Waste-water treatment process.Solar desalinationDesalination is a method to remove salt and minerals from water (ocean). Solar is referring to the energy used for this process. There are two types of solar desalinationReverse OsmosisIts a simple operation of water desalination, through applying pressure to the sea water in one side of the system through a membrane and salt is essentially filtered, with a mathematical. This method used in large-scale desalination implementations where electricity is less costly. Here, solar energy is collected and converted into electrical or mechanical energy to initiate the process. From figure 7 we can explore the process.Figure 7 Reverse Osmosis processThe solar humidification-dehumidification (HDH)Also called the solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC) or multiple-effect humidification (MEH), is a technique that simulates the natural water cycle on a shorter time frame by evaporating using solar energy (sun) and condensing water to separate it from other substances. And the condensed water is collected in a chamber. As shown in figure 8.Figure 8 the HDH processRainwater harvestingIs a very simple system of collecting rainwater before it reaches the aquifer through the storm water harvesting, which is a surface especially prepared for this purpose, such as buildings roof, and ground to reuse it as drinking water, irrigation, water for livestock, and any other apply. However, this system is not suitable for every where, where it is used in areas with an average rainfall greater than 200mm/ year.first water is collected via the storm water harvest (roof), then transfer through gutters and pipes which includes sufficient incline to avoid standing(a) water, and strong to carry large am ount of rainwater. Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce evaporation losses, contamination and algal growth. Figure 9 conclude the procedure.Figure 9 Rainwater harvesting systemFor forest depletionWhy save forest?Cities, massive projects, farmlands, factories, firewood, tables, books, newspaper etc. What is there argument? Forest. Through history human activities destroyed and deforest the forest around the world, cities such as Ur, Uruk, and Babylon contributed deforestation massively of surrounding areas, which are forest. Agriculture, in the other hand, was one of the main reasons of forest deforestation, in order to use it to harvest. So why we should concern about forest and protect it? Well, if there is no forest, there is no trees and plant, no trees no species, no ecosystem, and no reduction of carbon sinks which lead to a bigger problem known as global calefacientFactsonce forests covered14% from land surface and now they cover only 6% , and if it is keeping in that track its going to be more decrease in this percentage, as the Forest transition theory Predicts, as shown in Graph 7.Graph 7 The forest transition theoryBecause of the massive developing and industry, every 1 sec there is a loss of about one and one-half acres of rainforest.The major authorities to blame are governments, multi-national logging companies, and land owners.